A cylinder of bone known as the vertebral body makes up the majority of the lumbar vertebrae’s mass and bears most of the body’s weight. The lumbar vertebrae are the some of the largest and heaviest vertebrae in the spine, second in size only to the sacrum. Fishes of myriad varieties are the main predators in most of the world's water bodies, both freshwater and marine. In the thoracic region, the sides of the bodies of the vertebrae are marked in the back by the facets for articulation with the heads of the ribs. Dupin, E.; Creuzet, S.; Le Douarin, N.M. (2007) "The Contribution of the Neural Crest to the Vertebrate Body". He currently teaches two courses, Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Vertebrate Paleontology: Major Transitions in Vertebrate History, at the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, and Human Anatomy and Physiology at George Brown College (Toronto), and is a Research Associate at the Royal Ontario Museum (Toronto). During sexual reproduction, mating with a close relative (In several species of fish, inbreeding was found to decrease reproductive success.Inbreeding was observed to increase juvenile mortality in 11 small animal species.A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e.g. The human backbone is a column of 33 total vertebrae, of which 24 are movable and free (the remainder are fused). Lateral to the spinous processes are the articular processes, and still more laterally the transverse processes. Toads and many other amphibians display Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms can also operate subsequent to Mating with unrelated or distantly related members of the same species is generally thought to provide the advantage of masking deleterious recessive mutations in progenyOutcrossing as a way of avoiding inbreeding depression has been especially well studied in birds.

For other uses, see In the cervical region (with the exception of the second and seventh vertebrae), these are short, horizontal, and bifid. Cervical vertebrae are those in the neck area. In: Jean-Pierre Saint-Jeannet, Hildebrand, M.; Gonslow, G. (2001): Analysis of Vertebrate Structure. These regions are called the Individual vertebrae are named according to their region and position.

In the cervical region, the transverse processes are placed in front of the articular processes, lateral to the pedicles and between the intervertebral foramina. On either side of the spinous processes is the vertebral groove formed by the laminae in the cervical and lumbar regions, where it is shallow, and by the laminae and transverse processes in the thoracic region, where it is deep and broad; these grooves lodge the deep muscles of the back. The articulating vertebrae are named according to their region of the spine. A. The human backbone is a column of 33 total vertebrae, of which 24 are movable and free (the remainder are fused). In the thoracic region, the transverse processes stand backward, on a plane considerably behind that of the same processes in the cervical and lumbar regions. The movable vertebrae are divided… READ MORE IDENTIFYING THORACIC VERTEBRAE - BY DR MITESH DAVE - …

The populations of vertebrates have dropped in the past 50 yearsAll vertebrates are built along the basic chordate In all vertebrates, the mouth is found at, or right below, the anterior end of the animal, while the The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is the However, a few vertebrates have secondarily lost this anatomy, retaining the notochord into adulthood, such as the The resulting anatomy of the central nervous system, with a single hollow nerve cord topped by a series of (often paired) vesicles, is unique to vertebrates.

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