One critical difference between the estates of the realm was the burden of taxation. In the “pays d’état” (provinces with provincial estates), tax assessment was established by local councils and the tax was generally “real,” which meant that it was attached to non-noble lands (nobles possessing such lands were required to pay taxes on them). Years of feudal oppression and fiscal mismanagement contributed to a French society that was ripe for revolt.
The French Revolution lasted 10 years from 1789 to 1799. It was based solely on revenues, requiring 5% of net earnings from land, property, commerce, industry, and official offices.
French words and terms are sprinkled frequently throughout the text and are almost never defined or translated.
Peasants and nobles alike were required to pay one-tenth of their income or produce to the church (the There were three kinds of provinces: the “pays d’élection,” the “pays d’état,” and the “pays d’imposition.” In the “pays d’élection” (the longest held possessions of the French crown) the assessment and collection of taxes were originally trusted to elected officials, but later these positions were bought. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica.Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Get kids back-to-school ready with Expedition: Learn! Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.
Further, people from less-privileged walks of life were blocked from acquiring even petty positions of power in the regime, which caused further resentment.As the French state continuously struggled with the budget deficit, attempts to reform the skewed system took place under both Louis XIV and Louis XV. The taille, a direct land tax on the peasantry and non-nobles, became a major source of royal income. The nobles and the bourgeois now took fright.
The French Revolution, one of the most popular events in History, materialized due to many reasons.
Consequently, attempts to impose taxes on the privileged — both the nobility and the clergy — were a great source of tension between the monarchy and the First and the Second Estates.Already in 1648, when Louis XIV was still a minor and his mother Queen Anne acted as a regent and Cardinal Mazarin as her chief minister, the two attempted to tax members of the ParlementLouis XV continued the tax reform initiated by his predecessor. No one factor was directly responsible for the French Revolution. However, the clergy, the regions with “pays d’état,” and the parlements protested. The result of the French Revolution was the end of the monarchy.King Louis XVI was executed in 1793. It was meant to touch all citizens regardless of status.
The most important reason being the social inequality. The French Revolution was a revolution in France from 1789 to 1799.
The revolution ended when Napoleon Bonaparte took power in November 1799.
Consequently, the clergy won exemption, the “pays d’état” won reduced rates, and the parlements halted new income statements, effectively making the “vingtième” a far less efficient tax than it was designed to be. Exempted from the taille were clergy and nobles (except for non-noble lands they held in “pays d’état;” see below), officers of the crown, military personnel, magistrates, university professors and students, and certain cities (“villes franches”) such as Paris.
Equality!
The tax was generally “personal,” which meant it was attached to non-noble individuals. They were immediately divided over a fundamental issue: should they vote by head, giving the advantage to the Third Estate, or by estate, in which case the two privileged orders of the realm might outvote the third?
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