BMC genomics.

2008, 9: 419-10.1186/1471-2105-9-419.Zhaxybayeva O, Swithers KS, Lapierre P, Fournier GP, Bickhart DM, DeBoy RT, Nelson KE, Nesbo CL, Doolittle WF, Gogarten JP: On the chimeric nature, thermophilic origin, and phylogenetic placement of the Thermotogales. BMC Bioinform. Science (New York, NY).

10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004046.Andersson JO: Lateral gene transfer in eukaryotes. Mol Biol Evol. 2010, 27 (12): 2879-2889. The tree shown was derived by Bayesian inference based on a combined Phylogenetic analysis of 6,415 aligned positions produces a well-resolved tree with strong support for nearly all branches based on Bayesian Inference posterior probabilities (biPP) and maximum likelihood bootstrap percentages (mlBP) (Both choanoflagellates and Metazoa are strongly supported as monophyletic in the combined gene tree (1.00 biPP, 100% mlBP) (Analyses of the concatenated four-gene dataset place Clades 1 and 2 together to the exclusion of Clade 3, with strong posterior probability but only moderate bootstrap support (1.00 biPP, 70–82% mlBP) (A total of 27 morphological and ecological characters were scored for all choanoflagellate species in the molecular tree (Matrix of morphological and ecological characters for choanoflagellates.

PCR protocols consisted of 2 min denaturing at 94°C, followed by 30 cycles of 30 seconds denaturing at 94°C, varying annealing temperatures, and 1 min extension at 72°C, with a final finishing step of 10 min at 72°C. 10.1128/EC.1.2.181-190.2002.Archibald JM, Rogers MB, Toop M, Ishida K, Keeling PJ: Lateral gene transfer and the evolution of plastid-targeted proteins in the secondary plastid-containing alga Bigelowiella natans. 2005, 102 (39): 13950-13955. Genome Biol.

Int J Parasitol. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. All freshwater species sampled here form a single subgroup in Clade 2 (A robust phylogeny of choanoflagellates allows a reevaluation of the group's position within Holozoa. 2011, 11: 259-10.1186/1471-2148-11-259.Stiller JW, Huang J, Ding Q, Tian J, Goodwillie C: Are algal genes in nonphotosynthetic protists evidence of historical plastid endosymbioses?.

Choanoflagellates Reveal the Cellular Foundations of Animal Origins. Characters (All choanoflagellates have some form of organic covering, and all species except for tectiform loricates have a motile stage with only a glycocalyx, which is obscured when cells become sedentary and form a theca or lorica. 2009, 106 (14): 5865-5870. This was to facilitate the identification of potential paralogs and to determine whether all genes had phylogenetically compatible histories (no strongly supported conflicting clades) and were therefore suitable for concatenation. The comprehensive database built for AlienG analyses was used for sequence sampling. For analyses using PhyloGenie, BLAST search was carried out against the customized database.

2008, 9 (8): 605-618. To reconstruct the genetic, cell biological, and developmental foundations of animal origins, my lab studies the closest living relatives of animals, the choanoflagellates (Figure 1). 2007, 104 (3): 870-875. Choanoflagellates Reveal the Cellular Foundations of Animal Origins.

2007, 24 (8): 1702-1713. analyzed data; M.C., B.S.C.L., and S.L.B. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.

All choanoflagellate species were maintained in stock cultures of 20 ml at 15°C. However, the phylogeny indicates that the theca is older than originally thought and was present, at the latest, in the last common ancestor of Clades 1 and 2.
To understand how animals evolved, we must study choanoflagellates. 10.1126/science.1231707.Boschetti C, Carr A, Crisp A, Eyres I, Wang-Koh Y, Lubzens E, Barraclough TG, Micklem G, Tunnacliffe A: Biochemical diversification through foreign gene expression in Bdelloid rotifers. J Plankton Res. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.

Mapping of this character onto the new phylogeny also indicates that, in addition to multiple independent losses, this structure has been subject to a number of further modifications.

You can also search for this author in Members of the family Codonosigidae appear to lack a periplast when examined by light microscopy, but may have a fine outer coat visible only by The choanoflagellate tree based on molecular phylogenetics divides into three well supported Two choanoflagellate species have had their genomes fully sequenced, with another two species having had The first transcriptome of a loricate choanoflagellateClaus Nielsen.
2004, 5 (11): R88-10.1186/gb-2004-5-11-r88.Doolittle WF, Boucher Y, Nesbo CL, Douady CJ, Andersson JO, Roger AJ: How big is the iceberg of which organellar genes in nuclear genomes are but the tip?. More than six hundred million years ago, an unusual group of microbial eukaryotes evolved the capacity for complex multicellularity and eventually spawned the full diversity of modern animals.

The most widely noted organic covering in choanoflagellates is the theca, and this character is central to traditional choanoflagellate taxonomy as a defining feature of one of the three major divisions (Salpingoecidae).

3. in most animals, cleavage produces a multicellular stage called blastula (typically a hollow ball of cells that surround a cavity called **blastocoel) 4. most also undergo * gastrulation, process in which 1 end of embryo folds inward, expands and eventually fills the blastocoel, producing layers of embryonic tissues: ectoderm (outer layer) and *endoderm (inner layer) Thus, all members of Clades 1 and 2 possess a theca except for Evolution of the theca is further complicated by the fact that it occurs in multiple forms, most commonly as a flask consisting of three layers (The silica lorica is a striking and unique feature, and the phylogeny indicates that it has evolved only once (Differences in periplast morphology have important consequences for cell division in choanoflagellates, which varies considerably across the group.

The significance of this may not be clear until you consider the lifestyles of radial vs bilateral ... Congratulations for getting this far, both in terms of your animal evolution and reading this article. The current phylogeny further indicates a single invasion of the marine planktonic environment within choanoflagellates.

Other than gene tree topologies, we also considered additional lines of evidence when determining the direction of HGT, such as behavioral ecology of transfer partners and phyletic distribution of the transferred genes.

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