The Vaccination may be used to prevent infection in horses. This is higher than in the previous four years (2013–2016), during which 13 to 15 PHUs reported cases per year.

Between January 1, 2019 and August 10, 2019, two human cases associated with West Nile virus in Canada have been reported to the Public Health Agency of Canada. Given that the majority of WNV cases are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms, and are likely not captured by surveillance, estimating the true burden of WNV infections in the province is particularly challenging. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-38.3.462Reisen WK, Thiemann T, Barker CM, Lu H, Carroll B, Fang Y, Lothrop HD. How many human cases of West Nile virus are reported annually?


A rate of zero per 100,000 (shown in white) was reported by nine PHUs. Episode date is an approximation of illness onset, based on the first available date in the following hierarchy: symptom onset, specimen collection, laboratory result or report date.Descriptive analyses were conducted using SAS 9.3 and Microsoft Excel 2010. PLoS One 2017 Aug;12(8):e0183568.

Given that temperature is a driving factor in mosquito development and virus amplification, monitoring temperature in conjunction with ongoing mosquito and human surveillance is necessary for early detection and to assess the fluctuating risks of WNV transmission. Ontario experienced a relatively warmer (above historical average) 2016–2017 winter, followed by average spring and early summer In terms of next steps, there are several public health implications. West Nile virus surveillance. Can Commun Dis Rep 2014 May;40(10):173–7. Objective:To summarize and discuss the epidemiology of WNV illness in Ontario, Canada in 2017, with comparisons to previous years. A rate of 0.1 to 1.0 case per 100,000 population (shown in very light blue) was reported by 12 PHUs and a rate of 1.1 to 2.0 cases per 100,000 (shown in light blue) was reported by 8 PHUs. Therefore, the incidence of WNV illness is likely underestimated, and skewed toward cases with severe clinical symptoms and outcomes. https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/eRepository/Vector-Borne_Diseases_Summary_Report_2016.pdfKilpatrick AM, Pape WJ. J Med Entomol 2001 May;38(3):462–4. Location of disease acquisition cannot be attributed to public health unit. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt046Gray TJ, Webb CE. Overall, 958 cases of West Nile virus disease in people have been reported to CDC. J Med Entomol 2002 Jan;39(1):221–5. Ottawa (ON): Statistics Canada.

Health Protection and Promotion Act. Investigating the spatial risk distribution of West Nile virus disease in birds and humans in southern Ontario from 2002 to 2005. Methods:Case data were obtained from the provincial integrated Public Health Information System.

Wijayasri S, Nelder MP, Russell CB, Johnson KO, Johnson S, Badiani T, Sider D. West Nile virus illness in Ontario, Canada: 2017. Details for confirmed and probable cases of WNV illness with episode dates from 2005 to 2017 were extracted from iPHIS. Provincial trends. Pro… R.R.O 1990, Regulation 569: Reports. This is the second highest number of cases reported in a single year since 2005, with the number of cases increasing annually since 2014 (Figure 1: Number of confirmed and probable West Nile virus illness cases and incidence (per 100,000 population), by year, in Ontario, Canada, 2005–2017Figure 1: Number of confirmed and probable West Nile virus illness cases and incidence (per 100,000 population), by year, in Ontario, Canada, 2005–2017The chart in Figure 1 shows the number of confirmed and probable West Nile virus illness cases and incidence (per 100,000 population), by year, in Ontario, Canada, between 2015 and 2017.Twenty-seven PHUs reported WNV illness cases in 2017. Case-level data from iPHIS were used to describe the geographic trends, seasonality, age and sex distributions and clinical outcomes of WNV illness cases in Ontario reported in 2017.

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